- Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646 - 1716) : Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz believed that the universe consists of indivisible units called Monads. God had created the arrangement of the Monads, and therefore this was the best of all possible worlds. If only a few minute monads were experienced, petites perceptions resulted, which were unconscious. If enough minute monads were experienced at the same time, apperception occurred, which was a conscious experience. Please see also Petites perceptions.