Deutsch: Soziale Norm / Español: Norma social / Português: Norma social / Français: Norme sociale / Italiano: Norma sociale
Social norm refers to the shared rules, expectations, or standards of behaviour that are considered acceptable within a group, community, or society. These norms guide individuals on how to act in various social contexts, shaping behaviours, attitudes, and interactions.
Description
In psychology, social norms are essential constructs for understanding human behaviour in a social environment. They serve as implicit or explicit guidelines that individuals follow to gain acceptance and avoid disapproval within their group or society. Norms can be formal, such as laws and regulations, or informal, such as customs, traditions, and etiquette.
Social norms influence individual and collective behaviour by providing a framework for what is considered "normal" or "appropriate." For example, greeting others with a handshake or saying "please" and "thank you" are examples of widely accepted social norms. These norms vary across cultures, social groups, and situations.
The study of social norms is central in social psychology, behavioural economics, and sociology, as norms affect decision-making, group dynamics, and societal functioning. Researchers examine phenomena like conformity, obedience, and deviance to understand how norms are enforced or challenged.
Application Areas
- Social Psychology: Analysing how norms influence conformity and group behaviour.
- Cultural Studies: Exploring how norms differ across cultures and shape societal values.
- Public Health: Promoting norms that encourage healthy behaviours, such as wearing masks during pandemics.
- Organisational Behaviour: Establishing workplace norms to improve productivity and collaboration.
- Educational Settings: Understanding how classroom norms affect learning and student interactions.
Well-Known Examples
- Pro-Social Norms: Expectations that encourage helpful and cooperative behaviour, such as volunteering or donating to charity.
- Gender Norms: Socially constructed expectations about how individuals should behave based on their gender.
- Cultural Norms: Greetings, dress codes, or dietary habits specific to particular cultural groups.
- Deviance: Behaviours that violate social norms, such as criminal acts or unconventional lifestyle choices.
- Norm Enforcement: Informal mechanisms like social approval or disapproval, and formal mechanisms like laws or policies.
Risks and Challenges
- Conformity Pressure: Strong social norms can pressure individuals to conform, even against their better judgment, leading to loss of individuality.
- Discrimination: Some social norms may perpetuate inequality, such as those reinforcing gender or racial stereotypes.
- Resistance to Change: Long-standing norms can hinder progress or adaptation to new societal values.
- Cultural Relativity: Misunderstandings or conflicts can arise when norms vary significantly across cultures.
Similar Terms
- Group Norms: Rules specific to smaller groups, such as teams or organisations.
- Cultural Norms: Norms particular to a society or ethnic group.
- Moral Norms: Standards of behaviour based on ethical considerations.
- Social Roles: Expected behaviours associated with specific societal or group roles.
Summary
Social norms are shared expectations that guide behaviour within groups, cultures, or societies. They play a crucial role in shaping interactions and maintaining social order but can also contribute to conformity pressure and discrimination. Understanding social norms is vital for addressing issues like cultural differences, promoting pro-social behaviours, and fostering inclusive environments.
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