Glossary E

Glossary E

Essentialism refers to the belief that all things, including individuals and groups, have a basic nature which makes them what they are and distinguishes them from others; this basic essence, even though hidden, is relatively unchanging and gives rise to surface-level qualities. Moreover, Essentialism is defined as children’s belief that all living things have an essence that can’t be seen but gives a living thing its identity

Establishing operation refers to a procedure that affects the appetitiveness or aversiveness of a stimulus.

Estate taxes is defined as taxes levied by the federal government or a state government on the assets of a person who has died

- Estimated learning potentials (ELPs) : Estimated learning potentials (ELPs) is a term in the SOMPA system, WISC-R scores adjusted for the socioeconomic background of the children. ELPs take the place of IQ scores.

Deutsch: Schätzung / Español: Estimación / Português: Estimativa / Français: Estimation / Italiano: Stima

Estimation in psychology refers to the process by which individuals assess or judge the magnitude, quantity, or probability of various stimuli or events. This cognitive process is crucial in everyday decision-making and various psychological experiments, where individuals are required to make judgments about uncertain outcomes.

Description

In psychology, estimation is often studied to understand how people perceive and interpret numerical and probabilistic information. It involves various cognitive mechanisms and can be influenced by several factors such as memory, perception, and biases. Estimation tasks can range from simple judgments about the number of objects in a scene to complex predictions about future events.

Key Aspects of Estimation:

  • Perceptual Estimation: This involves judging sensory information, such as estimating the length of a line, the loudness of a sound, or the weight of an object.
  • Numerical Estimation: This includes tasks where individuals estimate quantities, such as the number of people in a room or the amount of money in a jar.
  • Probability Estimation: This involves assessing the likelihood of events, such as predicting the chances of rain or the probability of winning a game.

Factors Influencing Estimation:

  • Cognitive Heuristics: Mental shortcuts, such as the availability heuristic (relying on readily available information) and the anchoring heuristic (relying too heavily on the first piece of information encountered), can significantly affect estimation accuracy.
  • Individual Differences: Factors such as age, education, and cognitive abilities can influence how accurately someone can make estimations.
  • Contextual Influences: The context in which an estimation is made, including the presence of cues or additional information, can also affect the outcome.

Importance in Psychology:

  • Decision Making: Estimation plays a crucial role in everyday decisions, where individuals must evaluate risks, benefits, and uncertainties.
  • Research Methods: Psychological studies often require participants to make estimations, which can provide insights into cognitive processes and biases.
  • Educational Settings: Understanding how students estimate probabilities and quantities can help in designing better teaching strategies for subjects like mathematics.

Special Considerations

One important consideration in the study of estimation is the role of biases and errors. Psychologists aim to identify and mitigate factors that lead to systematic errors in estimation, such as overconfidence, underestimation, and the influence of misleading information.

Application Areas

Estimation is applicable in various fields within psychology, including:

  • Cognitive Psychology: Studying how people process information and make judgments about quantities and probabilities.
  • Developmental Psychology: Investigating how estimation abilities develop in children and change across the lifespan.
  • Clinical Psychology: Assessing and improving estimation skills in individuals with cognitive impairments or mental health disorders.
  • Educational Psychology: Enhancing teaching methods by understanding how students estimate and interpret numerical information.
  • Behavioral Economics: Analyzing how people make economic decisions based on their estimations of risks and rewards.

Well-Known Examples

  • The Anchoring Effect: A common phenomenon where individuals rely heavily on an initial piece of information (the "anchor") when making subsequent estimates, even if the anchor is irrelevant.
  • Estimation of Time: Research on how accurately people can estimate the passage of time, which has implications for understanding time perception and related cognitive processes.
  • Risk Assessment: Studies on how individuals estimate the probability of negative outcomes, such as health risks or financial losses, which are critical for developing interventions to improve decision-making.

Treatment and Risks

Symptoms, Therapy, and Healing

Symptoms

Challenges in estimation can manifest as:

  • Overconfidence: Excessive certainty in one's estimations, leading to poor decision-making.
  • Underestimation: Consistently judging quantities or probabilities as lower than they are.
  • Inconsistent Estimations: Variability in estimations due to cognitive impairments or external influences.

Therapy

Improving estimation skills may involve:

  • Cognitive Training: Exercises designed to enhance numerical and probabilistic reasoning.
  • Behavioral Interventions: Techniques to address cognitive biases and improve accuracy in estimation.
  • Educational Programs: Teaching strategies that focus on developing better estimation skills in students.

Healing

The process of improving estimation skills involves regular practice, feedback, and the application of cognitive strategies to reduce biases and errors. Support from educators, therapists, and cognitive trainers can aid in this process.

Similar Terms

  • Approximation: Making a close, but not exact, judgment about a quantity or value.
  • Judgment: The cognitive process of forming an opinion or conclusion about something.
  • Prediction: Estimating future outcomes based on current information or trends.

Summary

Estimation in psychology is the cognitive process of assessing magnitudes, quantities, or probabilities. It plays a crucial role in decision-making and research, influenced by cognitive heuristics, individual differences, and contextual factors. Understanding and improving estimation skills are essential in various psychological fields, from education to clinical practice.

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Estimator variables refer to the characteristics of the witness, the crime, and the witness’s testimony that are not under the control of the justice system but that may provide information about the likely accuracy of an eyewitness identification

Estradiol is one type of --->estrogen.

Estrangement in the psychology context refers to a state of emotional disconnection or detachment between individuals, often within the context of close relationships, such as family members or friends. It involves a sense of alienation, where one or more parties feel separated or distant from each other emotionally or psychologically. Estrangement can result from a variety of factors, including unresolved conflicts, differences in values or beliefs, or traumatic experiences within the relationship.